efl learning, efl motivation types, and national identity: in conflict or in coalition

the present study was aimed at examining concerns about the social effects of efl learning, a challenging area of research which has not been discussed sufficiently. it tried to investigate the relationship between efl learning and national identity. in addition, attempt was made to find a relationship between language motivation types and national identity. furthermore, the role of two demographic variables, gender and age was examined. to this end, a sample consisting of 350 undergraduates studying at allameh tabataba'i university in tehran took part in the study. a questionnaire on national identity and another one on language motivation types followed by an interview were the instruments used. the questionnaires had already been developed. however, there were some major modifications for the former which consisted of 30 items measuring national identity for all participants. the latter contained 42 items measuring language motivation types for only efl learners. the regression analysis,  independent samples t-tests and a one-way anova were run. the results revealed that claims over the harmful social effects of efl learning were not arguably significant and it was found that among the eight language motivation types, going abroad and social responsibility were correlated with national identity. furthermore, gender and age indicated significant differences among the participants' tendencies. the findings indicated that the social concerns about efl learning are too pessimistic. so, materials developers, syllabus designers and teachers might consider the potentiality of some social elementsand demographic variables for the development of efl learning.